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'I'm from... ugh, let me check my passport.'
(Agencies)
Updated: 2004-08-11 06:14
Triple jumper Yamile Aldama placed fourth at the Sydney Olympics for her
native Cuba.
In Athens she will be competing as a Sudanese, an extraordinary leap of
allegiance which breaks no rules but demonstrates the shortcomings of the
system.
Nationality in sport, once clear-cut, has become seriously muddied following
the break-up of the Soviet bloc and the increasing transfer of talent from poor
to rich countries.
Weightlifters born in Albania and the Soviet Union will represent Greece at
the Athens Olympics while some of Kenya's top middle-distance talent will wear
the colours of Qatar. Australia's canoeing team features a former Mr Bulgaria.
Perhaps most bizarre of all is the case of Merlene Ottey who won a clutch of
Olympic medals for Jamaica at six Games. In Athens she will race in the colours
of Slovenia.
Aldama last represented Cuba at the 2000 Olympics and her native country
sticks rigidly to the International Association of Athletics Federations' (IAAF)
rules which say three years must pass before an athlete can compete under
another flag.
Once the three years were up, Aldama had to find another country. She has
lived in Britain since 2001 with her child and has a British husband, who is
serving a 15-year jail sentence for supplying heroin.
However, Britain takes a hard line on residency and Aldama feared she would
not be eligible in time for Athens.
Media reports said she put out feelers to Italy and the Czech Republic but
eventually Aldama picked Sudan, a nation with little Olympic heritage and a
swift citizenship process. Aldama appears to have no connection with the African
country.
Clutching her Sudanese passport, she contacted the IAAF earlier this year and
it gave her the green light to compete.
Novel element
Ottey, now 44, was luckier. She last raced for Jamaica at the Sydney Games
where she won a relay silver and she has been living in Slovenia since 1998.
She was granted Slovenian citizenship in May two years ago and Jamaica
allowed her to compete for her new nation immediately.
The Aldama case adds a novel element to the nationality issue: She has chosen
to move to a developing country so she can compete when most cases involve
athletes moving to improve their personal or financial situation.
The collapse in the early 1990s of the Soviet bloc, which had placed great
emphasis on sporting achievement, led to an exodus of top athletes and coaches
desperate to further their careers in countries where ample funding was still
available.
Greece naturalized Albanian Pyrros Dimas in 1992 and he went on to win three
Olympic weightlifting golds. Canoeist Martin Marinov won bronzes for Bulgaria in
1988 and 1992, and after winning the Mr Bulgaria title in 1993 he moved to
Australia.
Countries such as Cuba and China, where sporting achievement is a symbol of
national pride, have traditionally taken a hard line on departing athletes.
Gao Jun, a table tennis silver medallist at the 1992 Barcelona Games,
subsequently married an American and left China for the United States.
At the time the sport had a five-year no-competition rule for those switching
countries and China stuck to it. However, Gao Jun came back to play for the US
in the 2000 Games.
Before the 2000 Games, Cuba prevented then-long jump world champion Niurka
Montalvo from representing Spain even though she had lived in Spain for nearly
three years.
Olympic Charter
As long as regulations were obeyed, international officials had few problems
with the nationality changes.
They point to the Olympic Charter which reads: "The practice of sport is a
human right. Every individual must have the possibility of practicing sport in
accordance with his or her needs."
But the recent entry of oil-rich countries such as Bahrain and Qatar into the
equation has caused widespread misgivings.
Kenyan Stephen Cherono, running under the name of Saif Saaeed Shaheen, won
the 3,000-metre steeplechase gold for Qatar at the world championships last
year. More than 10 Kenyans represented different nations at the Paris event.
Their change of allegiance, triggered by the offer of large salaries, was
possible only because of a clause in the IAAF's rules that allows the three-year
interval to be reduced to one if both countries agree.
The defections were criticized by International Olympic Committee (IOC)
president Jacques Rogge.
"What we don't like is athletes being lured by large incentives by other
countries... giving them a passport when they arrive at the airport," Rogge
said.
"From a moral point of view, we should avoid this transfer market in
athletes."
In Athens the complexity of the issue will be further demonstrated by the
irony of the Greek baseball team at their "home" Games.
The squad contains only one Greek-born player. The vast majority are north
American-based players most of whom have never visited the country and qualified
only through having Greek grandparents or great-grandparents.
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